Invention and Development of the Steam Engine

Invention and Development of the Steam Engine Steam engines are mechanisms that use heat to create steam, which in turn performs mechanical processes, known generally as  work.  While several inventors and innovators worked on various aspects of using steam for power, the major development of early steam engines involves three inventors and three principal engine designs.   Thomas Savery and the First Steam Pump The first steam engine used for work was patented by the Englishman Thomas Savery in 1698 and was used to pump water out of mine shafts. The basic process involved a cylinder that was filled with water. Steam was then delivered to the cylinder, displacing the water, which flowed out through a one-way valve. Once all of the water was ejected, the cylinder was sprayed with cool water to drop the cylinders temperature and condense the steam inside. This created a vacuum inside the cylinder, which then pulled up additional water to refill the cylinder, completing the pump cycle.   Thomas Newcomens Piston Pump Another Englishman,  Thomas Newcomen, improved on Slaverys pump with a design he developed around 1712. Newcomens engine included a piston inside of a cylinder. The top of the piston was connected to one end of a pivoting beam. A pump mechanism was connected to the other end of the beam so that water was drawn up whenever the beam tilted up on the pump end. To propel the pump, steam was delivered to the piston cylinder. At the same time, a counterweight pulled the beam down on the pump end, which made the piston rise to the top of the steam cylinder. Once the cylinder was full of steam, cool water was sprayed inside the cylinder, quickly condensing the steam and creating a vacuum inside the cylinder. This caused the piston to drop, moving the beam down on the piston end and up on the pump end. The cycle then repeated automatically as long as steam was applied to the cylinder.   Newcomens piston design effectively created a separation between the water being pumped out and the cylinder used to create the pumping power. This greatly improved  on the efficiency of Slaverys original design. However, because Saverys held a broad patent on his own steam pump, Newcomen had to collaborate with Savery to patent the piston pump.   James Watts Improvements Scotsman James Watt  significantly improved and developed the steam engine over the second half of the 18th century, making it a truly viable piece of machinery that helped start the Industrial Revolution. The first major innovation of Watts was to include a separate condenser so that the steam didnt have to be cooled in the same cylinder that contained the piston. This meant the piston cylinder remained at a much more consistent temperature, greatly increasing the fuel efficiency of the engine. Watt also developed an engine that could rotate a shaft, rather than an up-and-down pumping action, as well as a flywheel that allowed for smooth power transfer between the engine and the workload. With these and other innovations, the steam engine became applicable to a variety of factory processes, and Watt and his business partner, Matthew Boulton, built several hundred engines for industrial use.   Later Steam Engines The early 19th century saw major innovation of high-pressure steam engines, which were much more efficient than the low-pressure designs of Watts and the others steam-engine pioneers. This led to the development of much smaller, more powerful steam engines that could be used to power trains and boats and to perform a wider range of industrial tasks, such as running saws in mills. Two important innovators of these engines were American Oliver Evans and Englishman Richard Trevithick. Over time, steam engines were replaced by the internal combustion engine for most types of locomotion and industrial work, but the use of steam generators to create electricity remains an important part of electrical power production today.

Welcome the Criticism

Welcome the Criticism Welcome the criticism not just as critique group type rejection, but after the book, when people dont like it. Or before the book, when friends scoff about you ever getting onto a shelf in Barnes Noble. These issues should set you on firein a good way. We have a natural tendency to listen to naysayers. Standing fast against the current does not come easy. So when someone, especially someone with a sense of authority or expertise, tells you that youre on the wrong path, you assume they are right . . . you are wrong. In our profession, we are told that we need to write both to what the public wants (i.e., know your reader) as well as be original. Every agent and publisher alive wants something the market has proven while craving that never-seen-before talent.   They want it both ways. Heck, dont we all? Theres comfort in writing with the flow, following success. Theres risk and fear of failure when we dare to be like nothingor no one else. But with higher risk comes greater success. When you are handed criticism, accept it. Study it, then glean what to keep and what to ignore. Itll help you shape and mold what youre trying to accomplish. The hard part is that there isnt a right or wrong answer in how you proceed or whose advice you accept. Thats why so many writers remain average. They keep looking for a right answer that doesnt exist. But if you are stubborn, or contain some semblance of resolve, you start understanding what you want to produce. As rejection carves you, as criticism tests that resolve, you define yourself. When you feel the right path under your feet, writing stories ina voice thats purely yours, you weather the criticism. As stated in the opening paragraph, you become alive, set afire with purpose. Ive been told not to put children in my mysteries. Ive been told not to put so many personal anecdotes in my nonfiction. Agents told me not to use agriculture in Lowcountry Bribe, because it would bore people. Some accused me of too many newsletters, too much information too often delivered. I was told to blog only once a week Study your craft. Study all sides. Stand up and take the criticism or words of friendly advice. Then do what drives you, what enthuses you, what triggers you. Whether you publish or not is solely up to you. If you are fired up enough to make your work spit-polished and pertinent, you will publish. If you wont rest until the public holds your work in its hands, you will publish. The diligent eat up criticism, learning from it, but most of all, learning how to interpret it. When you mature enough in your judgment to pick and choose the advice you take, and recognize what feeds you as an artist and professional, you can wind up doing great things with your words.